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Stages of Writing

derived from the North Carolina Benchmarks of Proficiency in Writing

Early Emergent/Emergent (K) | Developing (1) | Early Independent (2) | Independent (3) | Fourth Grade | Fifth Grade

Early Emergent/Emergent typically pre-kindergarten-kindergarten

  • represents spoken language with temporary and/or conventional spelling
  • demonstrates understanding of literary language (e.g.,"once upon a time," variety of sentence patterns)
  • writes most letters of the alphabet
  • writes and/or participates in writing behaviors

Developing typically first grade

  • writes all upper and lower case letters of alphabet
  • uses phonics knowledge and basic patterns (e.g., an, ee, ake) to spell correctly three- and four-letter words
  • applies phonics to write independently, using temporary and/or conventional spelling
  • uses basic punctuation and basic capitalization

Early Independent typically second grade

  • correctly spells, using previously studied words and spelling patterns in one's own writing
  • represents with appropriate letters all the sounds of a word when writing
  • begins to use formal language and/or literary language in place of oral language patterns, as appropriate
  • plans and makes judgments about what to include in written products
  • with guided discussion, revises to clarify and refine writing
  • given help with organization, writes structured, informative presentations and narratives
  • attends to spelling, mechanics, and format for final products in one's own writing

Independent typically third grade

  • demonstrates and uses pre-writing strategies (drawing, brainstorming, webbing, or story boarding)
  • revises by ading and/or deleting for elaboration/clarification
  • edits to verify and self-correct spelling, capitalization, and punctuation
  • writes for pleasure
  • assesses own performance in writing
  • uses paragraphs to organize information
  • uses concepts of order and time
  • chooses to use vocabulary, ideas, themes, and language structures from books in own writing
  • writes a variety of literary, informational, and practical texts (fairy tales, poetry, recipes, news articles, interviews, etc.)
  • writes to support ideas with reference to evidence presented in text
  • demonstrates voice, sense of audience, purpose

Fourth Grade

  • understands and uses stages in the process of writing with direct teacher support
  • recognizes errors in own and others' writing
  • makes comments about and gives suggestions for adding to another's writing
  • revises by sequencing events and ideas in logical order
  • experiments to combine sentences
  • edits written work for errors in sentence formation, usage, mechanics, and spelling
  • writes using multiple characters and episodes with teacher support
  • writes literary, information and practical compositions with teacher support
  • writes on a variety of topics
  • assesses own growth in reading by writing in learning log/response journal
  • writes imaginative and personal narratives to develop a logical sequence of events within an overall action
  • writes imaginative and personal narratives that have a coherent, logical, and organized structure
  • writes imaginative narratives with sufficient, related detail that revolve around an event and have a resolution
  • writes personal narratives with sufficient, related detail that recount events experienced, read, or heard about
  • expresses main idea and supporting detail in descriptive writing
  • summarizes new information and ideas and discovers points not understood by writing in learning log

Fifth Grade

  • selects vocabulary from reading and discussion to use in own writing
  • consults available sources to improve or enhance writing
  • revises by refining, beginning and ending paragraphs
  • uses variations of letters, print styles or fonts appropriate to task
  • uses concrete images and vivid descriptions in writing poetry and prose
  • writes using multiple characters and episodes with teacher support and independently
  • assess individual performance on a task by writing in a learning log
  • expresses main idea and uses details in expository (clarification) writing
  • writes descriptions that provide sufficient, related information to provide an overall impression or view
  • writes descriptions that have a coherent, logical, and organized structure
  • completes standard forms requiring personal information
  • writes formal letters, social letters, and invitations, and distinguishes between the purposes for each
  • questions the significance, application, or relevance of new information or ideas by writing in reading log
  • reflects about, between, and beyond what is read by writing in reading log

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